1)Effective measures should be taken by the government to solve the problem timely .
2)During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study .(1999，73)
第一個(gè)例句中包含被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)should be taken，且有by引出動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，按照考研翻譯的要求，可以翻譯為：“政府需要采取有效的措施來(lái)及時(shí)地解決這一問(wèn)題”。第二個(gè)例句謂語(yǔ)部分使用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)were augmented by 。主語(yǔ)是traditional historical methods ，介詞by引出施動(dòng)者。因此此處也可以將主賓顛倒，翻譯為主動(dòng)形式，即“新方法充實(shí)了傳統的歷史研究方法”，整句話(huà)的參考譯文為“在這種轉變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實(shí)了傳統的歷史研究方法”。
1)Legal steps should be taken to reduce the high rates of traffic accident .
2)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe . (2005，46)
第一個(gè)例句中包含被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)should be taken，此處可以轉換成主動(dòng)，翻譯為“必須采取法律措施來(lái)降低交通事故的高發(fā)率”，這是符合漢語(yǔ)表達習慣的。第二個(gè)例句的定語(yǔ)從句by which these feelings are created and conveyed中，包含被動(dòng)結構are created and conveyed 。該被動(dòng)結構的主語(yǔ)是these feelings 。若按字面翻譯，“通過(guò)電視這個(gè)手段，這些感受被引發(fā)和傳遞”，這顯然不符合地道漢語(yǔ)表達。動(dòng)作create and convey和these feelings之間是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因此可以翻譯為 “引發(fā)和傳遞這些感受”。將其與定語(yǔ)從句合并之后，即得到譯文“引發(fā)和傳遞這些感受的手段”。整句話(huà)的參考譯文“電視是產(chǎn)生和表達這些感受的手段之一——在歐洲近來(lái)發(fā)生的事件中，它把不同的民族和國家連在一起，其作用之大，前所未有”。
1)With the development of social economy , cultural traditions must be kept .
2)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find .(2002，62)
第一個(gè)例句中包含被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)must be kept，翻譯成“文化傳統必須被保持”很別扭，試著(zhù)去掉“被”字，譯文就成了“文化傳統必須保留”，而這完全符合漢語(yǔ)表達習慣。第二個(gè)例句中包含被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)be directly observed，字面意思為“直接被觀(guān)察到”，顯得較呆板，去掉“被”字后反而更符合漢語(yǔ)的表達：“解釋的依據似乎可以直接觀(guān)察到”。整句話(huà)的參考譯文為“行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來(lái)解釋行為的依據似乎往往是直接觀(guān)察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到”。
1)Over the years , tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science .(1994, 73)
2)When that happens , it is not a mistake : it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action , an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at .(1997，75)
第一個(gè)例句中包含被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)have been ignored，并且出現了by引出動(dòng)作發(fā)出者，只是此處若采取主賓顛倒的方式，將by后的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者翻譯成主語(yǔ)，則會(huì )出現這樣的譯文：“多年來(lái)歷史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們在很大程度上忽視了作為根本性創(chuàng )新源泉的工具和技術(shù)本身”，不是特別通順;若采取翻譯成被動(dòng)句的方式，更符合漢語(yǔ)表達習慣：“工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng )新的源泉，多年來(lái)在很大程度上被歷史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想忽視了”。第二個(gè)例句中這個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：should be encouraged和rather than (be) laughed at。按照漢語(yǔ)表達習慣，可以翻譯為“得到鼓勵、受到鼓勵”，和“受到嘲笑、遭到嘲笑”。整句話(huà)的參考譯文為：“這種反應并不錯，這是人類(lèi)用道德觀(guān)念進(jìn)行推理的本能在起作用。這種本能應得到鼓勵，而不應遭到嘲笑”。
But his primary task is not to think about the moral code , which governs his activity , any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business .(2006，49)
此例句被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)體現在“a businessman is expected to …”，此被動(dòng)結構并未出現其主語(yǔ)，但翻譯成“商人們被期待去......”不符合漢語(yǔ)表達習慣，可以通過(guò)增加主語(yǔ)“人們”來(lái)翻譯。即“但是他的首要任務(wù)并不是考慮支配自己行動(dòng)的道德規范，就如同人們不能指望商人專(zhuān)注于行業(yè)規范一樣”。
考研翻譯中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的真題舉例：
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find .(2002，62)
But his primary task is not to think about the moral code , which governs his activity , any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business .(2006，49)
